C++

C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.

MODULE-1

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN C++

Level 1:- Programming by Example in C++ Language:

• C++ character set,
• C++ Tokens
  • Identifiers,
  •  Keywords,
  • Constants,
  • Operators.
• Structure of a C++ Program (include files, main function);
•  Header files – iostream.h, iomanip.h; cout, cin;
• Use of I/O operators (<< and >>),
• Use of endl and setw(),
• Cascading of I/O operators,
• Error Messages;
• Use of editor, basic commands of editor, compilation, linking and execution;
•  standard input/output operations from C language: gets(), puts() of stdio.h header file;

Level 2:- Data Types, Variables and Constants:

• Concept of Data types;  
• Built-in Data types:
  • Char,
  • Int,
  • Float and
  • Double.
• Constants:
  • Integer Constants,
  • Character Constants (Backslash character constants – /n, /t ),
  • Floating Point Constants,
  • String Constants;
• Access modifier: const;
• Variables of built-in data types,
•  Declaration/Initialization of variables,
•  Assignment statement;
• Type modifier:
  • signed,
  • unsigned,
  • long;

Level 3:- Operators and Expressions:

•  Arithmetic operators (-,+,*,/,%),
•  Increment and Decrement Operators (–,++),
•  Relational operators (>,>=,<,<=,==,!=),
•  Logical operators (!, &&, ||),
•  Conditional operator: ?:
•  Precedence of Operators;
•  Expressions; Automatic type conversion in expressions,
• Type casting; C++ shorthand’s (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=);

Level 4:– Flow of control:

• Conditional statements:

• if-else,
  •  Nested if,
  • switch..case..default,
  • Nested switch..case,
  •  break statement (to be used in switch..case only)

• Loops

• while ,
  • do – while ,
  • for and
  •  Nested loops;

Level 5:- Structured Data Type: Array

• Declaration/initialization of One dimensional array,
• Inputting array elements,
• Accessing array elements,
• Manipulation of Array elements (sum of elements, product of elements, average of elements, linear search, finding maximum/minimum value);
• Declaration/initialization of a two-dimensional array,
• inputting array elements Accessing array elements,
•  Manipulation of Array elements (sum of row elements)

Level 6:- String Manipulation

• Declaration/Initialization of a String

•  string manipulations
  • counting vowels/consonants/digits/special characters,
  • case conversion,
  • reversing a string,
  • reversing each word of a string

• String and Character related Library functions: isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), islower(), isupper(), tolower(), toupper(), strcpy(), strcat(), strlen(), strcmp(), strcmpi();

Level 7:- User Defined Functions:

• Defining a function;
•  function prototype,
• Invoking/calling a function,
•  passing arguments to function,
• specifying argument data types,
• default argument,
• constant argument,
• c all by value,
•  call by reference,
•  returning values from a function,
• calling functions with arrays,
• scope rules of functions and variables;
•  local and global variables;

Level 8:- Mathematical and Other Functions:

• Header Files

• math.h
  • stdlib.h

• Functions:

• fabs(),
  •  log(),
  • log10(),
  • pow(),
  • sqrt(),
  • sin(),
  • cos(),
  • abs(),
  • randomize(),
  •  random() ;

Level 9: Event programming: Games as examples:

• General Guidelines:
• Initial Requirement,
• developing an interface for user (it is advised to use text based interface screen),
• developing logic for playing the game and developing logic for scoring points

MODULE-2

Level 1: Structures:

• Defining a Structure,
• Declaring structure variables,
• Accessing structure elements,
• Passing structure to Functions as value and reference argument/parameter,
• Function returning structure,
• Array of structures, passing an array of structure as an argument/ a parameter to a function;

Level 2: Object Oriented Programming:

• Concept of Object Oriented Programming –
• Data hiding, Data encapsulation,
• Class and Object,
• Abstract class and Concrete class,
• Polymorphism (Implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C++);
• Inheritance,
• Advantages of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies,

Level 3: Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C++:

• Definition of a class,
•  Members of a class – Data Members and Member Functions (methods),
•  Using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility mode (private);
•  Member function definition: inside class definition and outside class definition using scope resolution operator (::);
•  Declaration of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object(s),
• Array of type class,
•  Objects as function arguments – pass by value and pass by reference;

Level 4: Constructor and Destructor:

•  Constructor: Special Characteristics,
•  Declaration and Definition of a constructor,
• Default Constructor,
• Overloaded Constructors,
• Copy Constructor,
• Constructor with default arguments;
• Destructor: Special Characteristics,
• Declaration and definition of destructor;

Level 5: Inheritance (Extending Classes)

•  Concept of Inheritance,
•  Base Class, Derived Class,
•  Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode;
• Single level inheritance,
• Multilevel inheritance and
• Multiple inheritance, Privately derived,
• Publicly derived and
•  Protectedly derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within derived class(es);

Level 6: Data File Handling:

• Need for a data file,
•  Types of data files – Text file and Binary file;
•  Basic file operations on text file:
• Creating/Writing text into file,
•  Reading and Manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially);
• Binary File: Creation of file, Writing data into file, Searching for required data from file,
• Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in sorted file,
•  Deletion of data from file,
•  Modification of data in a file;
•  Implementation of above mentioned data file handling in C++;
• Components of C++ to be used with file handling:
•  Header file: fstream.h; ifstream, ofstream, fstream classes;
•  Opening a text file in in, out, and app modes;
• Using cascading operators for writing text to the file and reading text from the file; open(), get(), put(), getline() and close() functions;
• Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function);
•  Opening a binary file using in, out, and app modes; open(), read(), write() and close() functions;
• Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function); tellg(), tellp(), seekg(), seekp() functions

Level 7: Pointers:

• Declaration and Initialization of Pointers;
• Dynamic memory allocation/deallocation operators: new, delete;
• Pointers and Arrays: Array of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1 dimensional array),
•  Function returning a pointer,
•  Reference variables and use of alias;
•  Function call by reference.
•  Pointer to structures: Deference operator: *, ->; self referencial structures;

            MODULE-3

DATA STRUCTURES

Level 1: Arrays:

• One and two Dimensional arrays:
•  Sequential allocation and address calculation;
•  One dimensional array:
  • Traversal,
  • Searching (Linear, Binary Search),
  •  Insertion of an element in an array,
  •  deletion of an element from an array,
• Sorting
  • Insertion,
  • Selection,
  • Bubble sort),
• concatenation of two linear arrays,
• merging of two sorted arrays;

Level 2: Stack (Array and Linked implementation of Stack):

• Operations on Stack (PUSH and POP) and its Implementation in C++,
• Converting expressions from INFIX to POSTFIX notation and evaluation of Postfix expression;

Level 3: Queue: (Circular Array and Linked Implementation):

• Operations on Queue
  • Insert and

Delete and its Impl